Molecular and atomic gas in the Local Group galaxy M 33
Identifieur interne : 007719 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 007718; suivant : 007720Molecular and atomic gas in the Local Group galaxy M 33
Auteurs : P. Gratier [France] ; J. Braine [France] ; N. J. Rodriguez-Fernandez [France] ; K. F. Schuster [France] ; C. Kramer [Espagne] ; E. M. Xilouris [Grèce] ; F. S. Tabatabaei [Allemagne] ; C. Henkel [Allemagne] ; E. Corbelli [Italie] ; F. Israel [Pays-Bas] ; P. P. Van Der Werf [Pays-Bas] ; D. Calzetti [États-Unis] ; S. Garcia-Burillo [Espagne] ; A. Sievers [Espagne] ; F. Combes [France] ; T. Wiklind [États-Unis] ; N. Brouillet [France] ; F. Herpin [France] ; S. Bontemps [France] ; S. Aalto [Suède] ; B. Koribalski [Australie] ; F. Van Der Tak [Pays-Bas] ; M. C. Wiedner [France] ; M. Röllig [Allemagne] ; B. Mookerjea [Inde]Source :
- Astronomy and astrophysics : (Berlin. Print) [ 0004-6361 ] ; 2010.
Descripteurs français
- Pascal (Inist)
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
Abstract
We present high-resolution large-scale observations of the molecular and atomic gas in the Local Group galaxy M 33. The observations were carried out using the HEterodyne Receiver Array (HERA) at the 30 m IRAM telescope in the CO(2-1) line, achieving a resolution of 12" × 2.6 km s-1, enabling individual giant molecular clouds (GMCs) to be resolved. The observed region is 650 square arcminutes mainly along the major axis and out to a radius of 8.5 kpc, and covers entirely the 2' x 40' radial strip observed with the HIFI and PACS Spectrometers as part of the HERM33ES Herschel key program. The achieved sensitivity in main-beam temperature is 20-50 mK at 2.6 km s-1 velocity resolution. The CO(2-1) luminosity of the observed region is 1.7 ± 0.1 × 107 K km s-1 pc2 and is estimated to be 2.8 ± 0.3 x 107 K km s-1 pc2 for the entire galaxy, corresponding to H2 masses of 1.9 x 108 M◦. and 3.3 x 108 M◦. respectively (including He), calculated with N(H2)/ICO(1-0) twice the Galactic value due to the half-solar metallicity of M 33. The H I21 cm VLA archive observations were reduced, and the mosaic was imaged and cleaned using the multi-scale task in the CASA software package, yielding a series of datacubes with resolutions ranging from 5" to 25". The H I mass within a radius of 8.5 kpc is estimated to be 1.4 x 109 M◦.. The azimuthally averaged CO surface brightness decreases exponentially with a scale length of 1.9 ± 0.1 kpc whereas the atomic gas surface density is constant at ΣHI = 6 ± 2 M◦. pc-2 deprojected to face-on. For an N(H2)/ICO(1-0) conversion factor twice that of the Milky Way, the central kiloparsec H2 surface density is ΣH2 = 8.5 ± 0.2 M◦. pc-2. The star formation rate per unit molecular gas (SF efficiency, the rate of transformation of molecular gas into stars), as traced by the ratio of CO to Hα and FIR brightness, is constant with radius. The SFE, with a N(H2)I/CO(1-0) factor twice galactic, appears 2-4 times greater than for large spiral galaxies. A morphological comparison of molecular and atomic gas with tracers of star formation is presented showing good agreement between these maps both in terms of peaks and holes. A few exceptions are noted. Several spectra, including those of a molecular cloud situated more than 8 kpc from the galaxy center, are presented.
Affiliations:
- Allemagne, Australie, Espagne, France, Grèce, Inde, Italie, Pays-Bas, Suède, États-Unis
- Andalousie, Aquitaine, Attique (région), Communauté de Madrid, District de Cologne, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie, Île-de-France
- Athènes, Bonn, Bordeaux, Cologne, Floirac, Paris
- Université de Bordeaux, Université de Cologne
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Gratier</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux, Université de Bordeaux, OASU, CNRS/INSU</s1><s2>33271 Floirac</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>17 aut.</sZ><sZ>18 aut.</sZ><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>33271 Floirac</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>CNRS/INSU</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>33271 Floirac</wicri:noRegion><orgName type="university">Université de Bordeaux</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Bordeaux</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Nouvelle-Aquitaine</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Aquitaine</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Braine, J" sort="Braine, J" uniqKey="Braine J" first="J." last="Braine">J. 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M." last="Xilouris">E. M. Xilouris</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Institute of Astronomy & Astrophysics, National Observatory of Athens, I. Metaxa & V. Pavlou, P. Penteli</s1><s2>15236 Athens</s2><s3>GRC</s3><sZ>6 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Grèce</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Athènes</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Attique (région)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tabatabaei, F S" sort="Tabatabaei, F S" uniqKey="Tabatabaei F" first="F. S." last="Tabatabaei">F. S. Tabatabaei</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Max-Plank-Institut für Radioastronomy (MPIfR), Auf dem Hügel 69</s1><s2>53121 Bonn</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region><settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Henkel, C" sort="Henkel, C" uniqKey="Henkel C" first="C." last="Henkel">C. Henkel</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Max-Plank-Institut für Radioastronomy (MPIfR), Auf dem Hügel 69</s1><s2>53121 Bonn</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region><settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Corbelli, E" sort="Corbelli, E" uniqKey="Corbelli E" first="E." last="Corbelli">E. Corbelli</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="06"><s1>INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, LE Fermi, 5</s1><s2>50125 Firenze</s2><s3>ITA</s3><sZ>9 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Italie</country><wicri:noRegion>50125 Firenze</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Israel, F" sort="Israel, F" uniqKey="Israel F" first="F." last="Israel">F. Israel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513</s1><s2>2300 RA Leiden</s2><s3>NLD</s3><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Pays-Bas</country><wicri:noRegion>2300 RA Leiden</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Werf, P P" sort="Van Der Werf, P P" uniqKey="Van Der Werf P" first="P. P." last="Van Der Werf">P. P. Van Der Werf</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513</s1><s2>2300 RA Leiden</s2><s3>NLD</s3><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Pays-Bas</country><wicri:noRegion>2300 RA Leiden</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Calzetti, D" sort="Calzetti, D" uniqKey="Calzetti D" first="D." last="Calzetti">D. Calzetti</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="08"><s1>Department of Astronomy - LGRT, University of Massachusetts - Amherst, 710 north Pleasant Street</s1><s2>Amherst, MA 01002</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>12 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Amherst, MA 01002</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia Burillo, S" sort="Garcia Burillo, S" uniqKey="Garcia Burillo S" first="S." last="Garcia-Burillo">S. Garcia-Burillo</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><inist:fA14 i1="09"><s1>Observatorio Astronomico Nacional (OAN) Observatorio de Madrid, Alfonso XII 3</s1><s2>28014-Madrid</s2><s3>ESP</s3><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Espagne</country><placeName><region nuts="2" type="communauté">Communauté de Madrid</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sievers, A" sort="Sievers, A" uniqKey="Sievers A" first="A." last="Sievers">A. Sievers</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Instituto Radioastronomia Milimetrica (IRAM), Av. Divina Pastora 7, Nucleo Central</s1><s2>18012 Granada</s2><s3>ESP</s3><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>14 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Espagne</country><placeName><region nuts="2" type="communauté">Andalousie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Combes, F" sort="Combes, F" uniqKey="Combes F" first="F." last="Combes">F. Combes</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="10"><s1>Observatoire de Paris, LERMA, CNRS, 61 Av. de l'Observatoire</s1><s2>75014 Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>23 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wiklind, T" sort="Wiklind, T" uniqKey="Wiklind T" first="T." last="Wiklind">T. Wiklind</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="11"><s1>Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive</s1><s2>Baltimore, MD 21218</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>16 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Baltimore, MD 21218</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brouillet, N" sort="Brouillet, N" uniqKey="Brouillet N" first="N." last="Brouillet">N. Brouillet</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux, Université de Bordeaux, OASU, CNRS/INSU</s1><s2>33271 Floirac</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>17 aut.</sZ><sZ>18 aut.</sZ><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Nouvelle-Aquitaine</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Aquitaine</region><settlement type="city">Floirac</settlement><settlement type="city">Bordeaux</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Bordeaux</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Herpin, F" sort="Herpin, F" uniqKey="Herpin F" first="F." last="Herpin">F. Herpin</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux, Université de Bordeaux, OASU, CNRS/INSU</s1><s2>33271 Floirac</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>17 aut.</sZ><sZ>18 aut.</sZ><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Nouvelle-Aquitaine</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Aquitaine</region><settlement type="city">Floirac</settlement><settlement type="city">Bordeaux</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Bordeaux</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bontemps, S" sort="Bontemps, S" uniqKey="Bontemps S" first="S." last="Bontemps">S. Bontemps</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux, Université de Bordeaux, OASU, CNRS/INSU</s1><s2>33271 Floirac</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>17 aut.</sZ><sZ>18 aut.</sZ><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Nouvelle-Aquitaine</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Aquitaine</region><settlement type="city">Floirac</settlement><settlement type="city">Bordeaux</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Bordeaux</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aalto, S" sort="Aalto, S" uniqKey="Aalto S" first="S." last="Aalto">S. Aalto</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="12"><s1>Department of Radio and Space Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Observatory</s1><s2>439 94 Onsala</s2><s3>SWE</s3><sZ>20 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Suède</country><wicri:noRegion>439 94 Onsala</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koribalski, B" sort="Koribalski, B" uniqKey="Koribalski B" first="B." last="Koribalski">B. Koribalski</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="13"><s1>CSIRO Astronomy & Space Science, Australia Telescope National Facility, PO Box 76</s1><s2>Epping NSW 1710</s2><s3>AUS</s3><sZ>21 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Australie</country><wicri:noRegion>Epping NSW 1710</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Tak, F" sort="Van Der Tak, F" uniqKey="Van Der Tak F" first="F." last="Van Der Tak">F. Van Der Tak</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="14"><s1>SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Landleven 12</s1><s2>9747 AD Groningen</s2><s3>NLD</s3><sZ>22 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Pays-Bas</country><wicri:noRegion>9747 AD Groningen</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wiedner, M C" sort="Wiedner, M C" uniqKey="Wiedner M" first="M. C." last="Wiedner">M. C. Wiedner</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="10"><s1>Observatoire de Paris, LERMA, CNRS, 61 Av. de l'Observatoire</s1><s2>75014 Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>23 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rollig, M" sort="Rollig, M" uniqKey="Rollig M" first="M." last="Röllig">M. Röllig</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="15"><s1>Physikalisces Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Str. 77</s1><s2>50937 Köln</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>24 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region><settlement type="city">Cologne</settlement><settlement type="city">Cologne</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Cologne</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mookerjea, B" sort="Mookerjea, B" uniqKey="Mookerjea B" first="B." last="Mookerjea">B. Mookerjea</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="16"><s1>Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road</s1><s2>Mumbai 400005</s2><s3>IND</s3><sZ>25 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Inde</country><wicri:noRegion>Mumbai 400005</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">INIST</idno><idno type="inist">11-0068368</idno><date when="2010">2010</date><idno type="stanalyst">PASCAL 11-0068368 INIST</idno><idno type="RBID">Pascal:11-0068368</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Corpus">002057</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Curation">003E70</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Checkpoint">002243</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PascalFrancis" wicri:step="Checkpoint">002243</idno><idno type="wicri:doubleKey">0004-6361:2010:Gratier P:molecular:and:atomic</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">007D11</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">007719</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">007719</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a">Molecular and atomic gas in the Local Group galaxy M 33</title><author><name sortKey="Gratier, P" sort="Gratier, P" uniqKey="Gratier P" first="P." last="Gratier">P. Gratier</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux, Université de Bordeaux, OASU, CNRS/INSU</s1><s2>33271 Floirac</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>17 aut.</sZ><sZ>18 aut.</sZ><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Nouvelle-Aquitaine</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Aquitaine</region><settlement type="city">Floirac</settlement><settlement type="city">Bordeaux</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Bordeaux</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Braine, J" sort="Braine, J" uniqKey="Braine J" first="J." last="Braine">J. Braine</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux, Université de Bordeaux, OASU, CNRS/INSU</s1><s2>33271 Floirac</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>17 aut.</sZ><sZ>18 aut.</sZ><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>33271 Floirac</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>CNRS/INSU</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>33271 Floirac</wicri:noRegion><orgName type="university">Université de Bordeaux</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Bordeaux</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Nouvelle-Aquitaine</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Aquitaine</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rodriguez Fernandez, N J" sort="Rodriguez Fernandez, N J" uniqKey="Rodriguez Fernandez N" first="N. J." last="Rodriguez-Fernandez">N. J. Rodriguez-Fernandez</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>IRAM, 300 rue de la piscine</s1><s2>38406 Saint-Martin d'Hères</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>38406 Saint-Martin d'Hères</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>300 rue de la piscine</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>38406 Saint-Martin d'Hères</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schuster, K F" sort="Schuster, K F" uniqKey="Schuster K" first="K. F." last="Schuster">K. F. Schuster</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>IRAM, 300 rue de la piscine</s1><s2>38406 Saint-Martin d'Hères</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>38406 Saint-Martin d'Hères</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>300 rue de la piscine</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>38406 Saint-Martin d'Hères</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kramer, C" sort="Kramer, C" uniqKey="Kramer C" first="C." last="Kramer">C. Kramer</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Instituto Radioastronomia Milimetrica (IRAM), Av. Divina Pastora 7, Nucleo Central</s1><s2>18012 Granada</s2><s3>ESP</s3><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>14 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Espagne</country><placeName><region nuts="2" type="communauté">Andalousie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xilouris, E M" sort="Xilouris, E M" uniqKey="Xilouris E" first="E. M." last="Xilouris">E. M. Xilouris</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Institute of Astronomy & Astrophysics, National Observatory of Athens, I. Metaxa & V. Pavlou, P. Penteli</s1><s2>15236 Athens</s2><s3>GRC</s3><sZ>6 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Grèce</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Athènes</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Attique (région)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tabatabaei, F S" sort="Tabatabaei, F S" uniqKey="Tabatabaei F" first="F. S." last="Tabatabaei">F. S. Tabatabaei</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Max-Plank-Institut für Radioastronomy (MPIfR), Auf dem Hügel 69</s1><s2>53121 Bonn</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region><settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Henkel, C" sort="Henkel, C" uniqKey="Henkel C" first="C." last="Henkel">C. Henkel</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Max-Plank-Institut für Radioastronomy (MPIfR), Auf dem Hügel 69</s1><s2>53121 Bonn</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region><settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Corbelli, E" sort="Corbelli, E" uniqKey="Corbelli E" first="E." last="Corbelli">E. Corbelli</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="06"><s1>INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, LE Fermi, 5</s1><s2>50125 Firenze</s2><s3>ITA</s3><sZ>9 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Italie</country><wicri:noRegion>50125 Firenze</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Israel, F" sort="Israel, F" uniqKey="Israel F" first="F." last="Israel">F. Israel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513</s1><s2>2300 RA Leiden</s2><s3>NLD</s3><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Pays-Bas</country><wicri:noRegion>2300 RA Leiden</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Werf, P P" sort="Van Der Werf, P P" uniqKey="Van Der Werf P" first="P. P." last="Van Der Werf">P. P. Van Der Werf</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513</s1><s2>2300 RA Leiden</s2><s3>NLD</s3><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Pays-Bas</country><wicri:noRegion>2300 RA Leiden</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Calzetti, D" sort="Calzetti, D" uniqKey="Calzetti D" first="D." last="Calzetti">D. Calzetti</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="08"><s1>Department of Astronomy - LGRT, University of Massachusetts - Amherst, 710 north Pleasant Street</s1><s2>Amherst, MA 01002</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>12 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Amherst, MA 01002</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia Burillo, S" sort="Garcia Burillo, S" uniqKey="Garcia Burillo S" first="S." last="Garcia-Burillo">S. Garcia-Burillo</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><inist:fA14 i1="09"><s1>Observatorio Astronomico Nacional (OAN) Observatorio de Madrid, Alfonso XII 3</s1><s2>28014-Madrid</s2><s3>ESP</s3><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Espagne</country><placeName><region nuts="2" type="communauté">Communauté de Madrid</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sievers, A" sort="Sievers, A" uniqKey="Sievers A" first="A." last="Sievers">A. Sievers</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Instituto Radioastronomia Milimetrica (IRAM), Av. Divina Pastora 7, Nucleo Central</s1><s2>18012 Granada</s2><s3>ESP</s3><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>14 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Espagne</country><placeName><region nuts="2" type="communauté">Andalousie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Combes, F" sort="Combes, F" uniqKey="Combes F" first="F." last="Combes">F. Combes</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="10"><s1>Observatoire de Paris, LERMA, CNRS, 61 Av. de l'Observatoire</s1><s2>75014 Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>23 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>75014 Paris</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wiklind, T" sort="Wiklind, T" uniqKey="Wiklind T" first="T." last="Wiklind">T. Wiklind</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="11"><s1>Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive</s1><s2>Baltimore, MD 21218</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>16 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Baltimore, MD 21218</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brouillet, N" sort="Brouillet, N" uniqKey="Brouillet N" first="N." last="Brouillet">N. Brouillet</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux, Université de Bordeaux, OASU, CNRS/INSU</s1><s2>33271 Floirac</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>17 aut.</sZ><sZ>18 aut.</sZ><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>33271 Floirac</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>CNRS/INSU</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>33271 Floirac</wicri:noRegion><orgName type="university">Université de Bordeaux</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Bordeaux</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Nouvelle-Aquitaine</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Aquitaine</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Herpin, F" sort="Herpin, F" uniqKey="Herpin F" first="F." last="Herpin">F. Herpin</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux, Université de Bordeaux, OASU, CNRS/INSU</s1><s2>33271 Floirac</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>17 aut.</sZ><sZ>18 aut.</sZ><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>33271 Floirac</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>CNRS/INSU</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>33271 Floirac</wicri:noRegion><orgName type="university">Université de Bordeaux</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Bordeaux</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Nouvelle-Aquitaine</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Aquitaine</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bontemps, S" sort="Bontemps, S" uniqKey="Bontemps S" first="S." last="Bontemps">S. Bontemps</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux, Université de Bordeaux, OASU, CNRS/INSU</s1><s2>33271 Floirac</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>17 aut.</sZ><sZ>18 aut.</sZ><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>33271 Floirac</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>CNRS/INSU</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>33271 Floirac</wicri:noRegion><orgName type="university">Université de Bordeaux</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Bordeaux</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Nouvelle-Aquitaine</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Aquitaine</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aalto, S" sort="Aalto, S" uniqKey="Aalto S" first="S." last="Aalto">S. Aalto</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="12"><s1>Department of Radio and Space Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Observatory</s1><s2>439 94 Onsala</s2><s3>SWE</s3><sZ>20 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Suède</country><wicri:noRegion>439 94 Onsala</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koribalski, B" sort="Koribalski, B" uniqKey="Koribalski B" first="B." last="Koribalski">B. Koribalski</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="13"><s1>CSIRO Astronomy & Space Science, Australia Telescope National Facility, PO Box 76</s1><s2>Epping NSW 1710</s2><s3>AUS</s3><sZ>21 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Australie</country><wicri:noRegion>Epping NSW 1710</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Tak, F" sort="Van Der Tak, F" uniqKey="Van Der Tak F" first="F." last="Van Der Tak">F. Van Der Tak</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="14"><s1>SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Landleven 12</s1><s2>9747 AD Groningen</s2><s3>NLD</s3><sZ>22 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Pays-Bas</country><wicri:noRegion>9747 AD Groningen</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wiedner, M C" sort="Wiedner, M C" uniqKey="Wiedner M" first="M. C." last="Wiedner">M. C. Wiedner</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="10"><s1>Observatoire de Paris, LERMA, CNRS, 61 Av. de l'Observatoire</s1><s2>75014 Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>23 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>75014 Paris</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rollig, M" sort="Rollig, M" uniqKey="Rollig M" first="M." last="Röllig">M. Röllig</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="15"><s1>Physikalisces Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Str. 77</s1><s2>50937 Köln</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>24 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region><settlement type="city">Cologne</settlement><settlement type="city">Cologne</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Cologne</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mookerjea, B" sort="Mookerjea, B" uniqKey="Mookerjea B" first="B." last="Mookerjea">B. Mookerjea</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="16"><s1>Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road</s1><s2>Mumbai 400005</s2><s3>IND</s3><sZ>25 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Inde</country><wicri:noRegion>Mumbai 400005</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j" type="main">Astronomy and astrophysics : (Berlin. Print)</title><title level="j" type="abbreviated">Astron. astrophys. : (Berl., Print)</title><idno type="ISSN">0004-6361</idno><imprint><date when="2010">2010</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><title level="j" type="main">Astronomy and astrophysics : (Berlin. Print)</title><title level="j" type="abbreviated">Astron. astrophys. : (Berl., Print)</title><idno type="ISSN">0004-6361</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Formation rate</term><term>Galaxy evolution</term><term>Galaxy groups</term><term>Giant molecular cloud</term><term>Local group</term><term>Luminosity</term><term>Metallicity</term><term>Milky Way</term><term>Molecular clouds</term><term>Molecular gas</term><term>Spiral galaxies</term><term>Star formation</term><term>Surface brightness</term><term>Tracers</term><term>VLA observation</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Pascal" xml:lang="fr"><term>Gaz moléculaire</term><term>Groupe local</term><term>Groupe galaxies</term><term>Nuage moléculaire géant</term><term>Luminosité</term><term>Galaxies spirales</term><term>Métallicité</term><term>Observation VLA</term><term>Brillance surface</term><term>Voie lactée</term><term>Formation stellaire</term><term>Taux formation</term><term>Traceur</term><term>Nuage moléculaire</term><term>Evolution galaxies</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">We present high-resolution large-scale observations of the molecular and atomic gas in the Local Group galaxy M 33. The observations were carried out using the HEterodyne Receiver Array (HERA) at the 30 m IRAM telescope in the CO(2-1) line, achieving a resolution of 12" × 2.6 km s<sup>-1</sup>, enabling individual giant molecular clouds (GMCs) to be resolved. The observed region is 650 square arcminutes mainly along the major axis and out to a radius of 8.5 kpc, and covers entirely the 2' x 40' radial strip observed with the HIFI and PACS Spectrometers as part of the HERM33ES Herschel key program. The achieved sensitivity in main-beam temperature is 20-50 mK at 2.6 km s<sup>-1</sup> velocity resolution. The CO(2-1) luminosity of the observed region is 1.7 ± 0.1 × 10<sup>7</sup> K km s<sup>-1</sup> pc<sup>2</sup> and is estimated to be 2.8 ± 0.3 x 10<sup>7</sup> K km s<sup>-1</sup> pc<sup>2</sup> for the entire galaxy, corresponding to H<sub>2</sub> masses of 1.9 x 10<sup>8</sup> M<sub>◦.</sub> and 3.3 x 10<sup>8</sup> M<sub>◦.</sub> respectively (including He), calculated with N(H<sub>2</sub>)/I<sub>CO(1-0)</sub> twice the Galactic value due to the half-solar metallicity of M 33. The H I21 cm VLA archive observations were reduced, and the mosaic was imaged and cleaned using the multi-scale task in the CASA software package, yielding a series of datacubes with resolutions ranging from 5" to 25". The H I mass within a radius of 8.5 kpc is estimated to be 1.4 x 10<sup>9</sup> M<sub>◦.</sub>. The azimuthally averaged CO surface brightness decreases exponentially with a scale length of 1.9 ± 0.1 kpc whereas the atomic gas surface density is constant at Σ<sub>HI</sub> = 6 ± 2 M<sub>◦.</sub> pc<sup>-2</sup> deprojected to face-on. For an N(H<sub>2</sub>)/I<sub>CO(1-0)</sub> conversion factor twice that of the Milky Way, the central kiloparsec H<sub>2</sub> surface density is Σ<sub>H2</sub> = 8.5 ± 0.2 M<sub>◦.</sub> pc<sup>-2</sup>. The star formation rate per unit molecular gas (SF efficiency, the rate of transformation of molecular gas into stars), as traced by the ratio of CO to H<sub>α</sub> and FIR brightness, is constant with radius. The SFE, with a N(H<sub>2</sub>)I/<sub>CO(1-0)</sub> factor twice galactic, appears 2-4 times greater than for large spiral galaxies. A morphological comparison of molecular and atomic gas with tracers of star formation is presented showing good agreement between these maps both in terms of peaks and holes. A few exceptions are noted. Several spectra, including those of a molecular cloud situated more than 8 kpc from the galaxy center, are presented.</div></front></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li><li>Australie</li><li>Espagne</li><li>France</li><li>Grèce</li><li>Inde</li><li>Italie</li><li>Pays-Bas</li><li>Suède</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Andalousie</li><li>Aquitaine</li><li>Attique (région)</li><li>Communauté de Madrid</li><li>District de Cologne</li><li>Nouvelle-Aquitaine</li><li>Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</li><li>Île-de-France</li></region><settlement><li>Athènes</li><li>Bonn</li><li>Bordeaux</li><li>Cologne</li><li>Floirac</li><li>Paris</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université de Bordeaux</li><li>Université de Cologne</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="France"><region name="Nouvelle-Aquitaine"><name sortKey="Gratier, P" sort="Gratier, P" uniqKey="Gratier P" first="P." last="Gratier">P. Gratier</name></region><name sortKey="Bontemps, S" sort="Bontemps, S" uniqKey="Bontemps S" first="S." last="Bontemps">S. Bontemps</name><name sortKey="Braine, J" sort="Braine, J" uniqKey="Braine J" first="J." last="Braine">J. Braine</name><name sortKey="Brouillet, N" sort="Brouillet, N" uniqKey="Brouillet N" first="N." last="Brouillet">N. Brouillet</name><name sortKey="Combes, F" sort="Combes, F" uniqKey="Combes F" first="F." last="Combes">F. Combes</name><name sortKey="Herpin, F" sort="Herpin, F" uniqKey="Herpin F" first="F." last="Herpin">F. Herpin</name><name sortKey="Rodriguez Fernandez, N J" sort="Rodriguez Fernandez, N J" uniqKey="Rodriguez Fernandez N" first="N. J." last="Rodriguez-Fernandez">N. J. Rodriguez-Fernandez</name><name sortKey="Schuster, K F" sort="Schuster, K F" uniqKey="Schuster K" first="K. F." last="Schuster">K. F. Schuster</name><name sortKey="Wiedner, M C" sort="Wiedner, M C" uniqKey="Wiedner M" first="M. C." last="Wiedner">M. C. Wiedner</name></country><country name="Espagne"><region name="Andalousie"><name sortKey="Kramer, C" sort="Kramer, C" uniqKey="Kramer C" first="C." last="Kramer">C. Kramer</name></region><name sortKey="Garcia Burillo, S" sort="Garcia Burillo, S" uniqKey="Garcia Burillo S" first="S." last="Garcia-Burillo">S. Garcia-Burillo</name><name sortKey="Sievers, A" sort="Sievers, A" uniqKey="Sievers A" first="A." last="Sievers">A. Sievers</name></country><country name="Grèce"><region name="Attique (région)"><name sortKey="Xilouris, E M" sort="Xilouris, E M" uniqKey="Xilouris E" first="E. M." last="Xilouris">E. M. Xilouris</name></region></country><country name="Allemagne"><region name="Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie"><name sortKey="Tabatabaei, F S" sort="Tabatabaei, F S" uniqKey="Tabatabaei F" first="F. S." last="Tabatabaei">F. S. Tabatabaei</name></region><name sortKey="Henkel, C" sort="Henkel, C" uniqKey="Henkel C" first="C." last="Henkel">C. Henkel</name><name sortKey="Rollig, M" sort="Rollig, M" uniqKey="Rollig M" first="M." last="Röllig">M. Röllig</name></country><country name="Italie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Corbelli, E" sort="Corbelli, E" uniqKey="Corbelli E" first="E." last="Corbelli">E. Corbelli</name></noRegion></country><country name="Pays-Bas"><noRegion><name sortKey="Israel, F" sort="Israel, F" uniqKey="Israel F" first="F." last="Israel">F. Israel</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Van Der Tak, F" sort="Van Der Tak, F" uniqKey="Van Der Tak F" first="F." last="Van Der Tak">F. Van Der Tak</name><name sortKey="Van Der Werf, P P" sort="Van Der Werf, P P" uniqKey="Van Der Werf P" first="P. P." last="Van Der Werf">P. P. Van Der Werf</name></country><country name="États-Unis"><noRegion><name sortKey="Calzetti, D" sort="Calzetti, D" uniqKey="Calzetti D" first="D." last="Calzetti">D. Calzetti</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Wiklind, T" sort="Wiklind, T" uniqKey="Wiklind T" first="T." last="Wiklind">T. Wiklind</name></country><country name="Suède"><noRegion><name sortKey="Aalto, S" sort="Aalto, S" uniqKey="Aalto S" first="S." last="Aalto">S. Aalto</name></noRegion></country><country name="Australie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Koribalski, B" sort="Koribalski, B" uniqKey="Koribalski B" first="B." last="Koribalski">B. Koribalski</name></noRegion></country><country name="Inde"><noRegion><name sortKey="Mookerjea, B" sort="Mookerjea, B" uniqKey="Mookerjea B" first="B." last="Mookerjea">B. Mookerjea</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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